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Variable
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All patients (n = 408)
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LAEF < 37% (n = 116)
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LAEF 37–53% (n = 139)
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LAEF ≥ 54% (n = 153)
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P Value
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LAPEF, %
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24.6 ± 10.3
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15.7 ± 7.5
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25.0 ± 7.9
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30.8 ± 9.2
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< 0.001
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LAPEVi, mL/m2
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11.2 ± 5.2
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9.0 ± 5.2
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12.0 ± 4.9
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12.2 ± 4.9
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< 0.001
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LAAEF, %
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28.9 ± 16.8
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10.2 ± 6.8
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26.9 ± 9.3
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44.3 ± 11.8
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< 0.001
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LAAEVi, mL/m2
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9.4 ± 5.0
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5 ± 3.5
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9.7 ± 4.1
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12.1 ± 4.7
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< 0.001
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LVEF, %
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57.5 ± 11.2
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50.8 ± 14.8
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59.0 ± 8.6
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61.5 ± 6.6
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< 0.001
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LVEF ≥50%, n (%)
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344 (83.7)
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71 (61.7)
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126 (90.6)
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145 (95.4)
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< 0.001
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Aortic valve area, cm2
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0.75 ± 0.33
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0.63 ± 0.20
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0.75 ± 0.19
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0.84 ± 0.47
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< 0.001
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Aortic valve indexed to BSA, cm2/m2
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0.44 ± 0.37
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0.38 ± 0.11
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0.42 ± 0.10
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0.51 ± 0.57
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0.018
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Transaortic mean pressure gradient, mmHg
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49.1 ± 14.2
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47.9 ± 16.8
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49.7 ± 13.7
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49.4 ± 12.4
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0.562
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Peak aortic jet velocity, m/s
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4.45 ± 0.59
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4.36 ± 0.76
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4.47 ± 0.54
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4.49 ± 0.48
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0.153
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Very severe aortic stenosis*, n (%)
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97 (23.7)
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28 (24.6)
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33 (23.9)
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34 (22.2)
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0.894
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LVOT VTI / AV VTI ratio
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0.23 ± 0.07
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0.21 ± 0.06
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0.22 ± 0.06
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0.25 ± 0.07
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< 0.001
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Enlarged right ventricle, n (%)
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55 (13.3)
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30 (25.9)
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11 (7.9)
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14 (9.2)
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< 0.001
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TAPSE, mm
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21.1 ± 3.9
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19.6 ± 4.0
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21.5 ± 3.7
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22.0 ± 3.8
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< 0.001
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TAPSE < 16 mm, n (%)
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23 (5.6)
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16 (13.9)
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2 (1.4)
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4 (2.6)
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< 0.001
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RV/RA gradient, mmHg
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30.9 ± 11.3
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36.3 ± 13.3
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26.7 ± 7.1
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28.3 ± 9.2
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< 0.001
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SPAP, mmHg
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35.2 ± 13.2
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42.0 ± 15.9
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30.1 ± 7.6
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32.3 ± 10.8
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< 0.001
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Left ventricular hypertrophy, n (%)
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222 (55.2)
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74 (64.9)
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79 (58.1)
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67 (45.6)
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0.006
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Severe left ventricular hypertrophy, n (%)
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9 (2.2)
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6 (5.3)
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2 (1.5)
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1 (0.7)
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< 0.001
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Mitral E velocity, m/s
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0.83 ± 0.25
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0.94 ± 0.25
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0.81 ± 0.25
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0.79 ± 0.22
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< 0.001
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Mitral A velocity, m/s
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0.96 ± 0.33
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0.83 ± 0.43
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1.03 ± 3.02
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0.99 ± 0.3
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< 0.001
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Septal e’ velocity, cm/s
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4.81 ± 1.70
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0.38 ± 0.12
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0.47 ± 0.17
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0.55 ± 0.16
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< 0.001
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Septal a’ velocity, cm/s
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7.10 ± 2.23
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0.51 ± 0.18
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0.71 ± 0.18
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0.84 ± 0.19
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< 0.001
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E/A ratio
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1.04 ± 0.80
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1.59 ± 1.30
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0.86 ± 0.41
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0.84 ± 0.37
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< 0.001
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E/e’ ratio
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19.22 ± 7.82
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26.38 ± 9.33
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18.43 ± 5.66
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15.17 ± 4.42
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< 0.001
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Diastolic L wave, n (%)
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20 (5.9)
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14 (16.5)
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3 (2.6)
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2 (1.5)
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< 0.001
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- AV denotes aortic valve, LAEF left atrial emptying fraction, LAAEF left atrial active emptying fraction, LAAEVi indexed left atrial active emptying volume, LAPEF left atrial passive emptying fraction, LAPEVi indexed left atrial passive emptying volume, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, LVOT left ventricular outflow tract, RV/RA right ventricle/right atrium, SPAP systolic pulmonary artery pressure, TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, VTI velocity time integral.
- * Defined as transaortic mean pressure gradient ≥60 mmHg or peak aortic jet velocity ≥ 5 m/s
